![]() ![]() ![]() TBI is also associated with secondary injury that evolves over a period of hours to days to even months after the primary insult, and is the result of biochemical and physiological events which ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Primary injury is the result of immediate mechanical damage that occurs at the time of injury. TBI results in functional deficits due to both primary and secondary mechanisms. TBI results from direct impact to the head or from acceleration-deceleration injury. Thus, the development of improved treatment modalities would be of enormous clinical and economic benefit. To date, there is no effective treatment to promote functional recovery except for routine medical intervention and care. Natural recovery after TBI is greatest within the first 6 months after the injury and is more gradual after that, but outcome varies with different types of brain injury. The most common cognitive impairment among severe TBI patients is memory loss, characterized by some loss of specific memories and the partial inability to form or store new ones. The most prevalent and debilitating features in survivors of brain trauma are cognitive deficits and motor dysfunctions. Thus, TBI is a significant health concern and an enormous socioeconomic burden. In addition, TBI is an epigenetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. ![]() An estimated 1.4 million people sustain TBI each year in the United States alone, and more than 5 million people are coping with disabilities from TBI and costs $56 billion a year A review of European epidemiological data estimated a TBI incidence (hospitalized and fatal) of 235 per 100,000 per year and a case fatality rate of 11 per 100 with 775,500 new cases occurring each year. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in the most active population (<45 years of age). ![]()
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